Today it is known that energy for ATP resynthesis and motor activity in humans and animals is obtained mainly from three substrates: creatine phosphate (during short-term and high-power work), glucose (during submaximal load of medium duration) and fats (during light and long-term work). Scientific knowledge about the energy supply of muscular activity was formed in the physiological, and then in the biochemical branches of knowledge from the end of the 19th century. The basis for the allocation of stages of development of bioenergetics is the criterion of dominance of material and technical capabilities, research methods, ideas, hypotheses, theories, discoveries in the field of physical tests of different power and conditions of energy generation. The work identifies four chronologically blurred stages of research into the bioenergetics of muscular activity. The first stage, the emergence of scientific ideas about the bioenergetics of muscle activity (late 19th century). At this stage, glycogen was discovered, the idea was formed that carbohydrates are the only fuel that the body uses for muscle contraction; the first comprehensive studies of energy metabolism were made. The second stage, bioenergetics of anaerobic support of speed-power activity (first half of the 20th century). The efforts of researchers were mainly directed at studying the role and transformations of ATP, creatine phosphate, glucose, lactic acid, etc. The third stage, bioenergetics of aerobic support of physical activity at different levels of organization of the organism's biosystem (mid-20th century – ongoing). The fourth stage, energy support of ultra-endurance work as a result of microbiota activity (debatable) and the use of keto compounds, the formation of a new scientific and educational field - cytology of physical activity (late 20th century – ongoing). In the 60s – 70s of the 20th century. along with physiology (the level of the organism and organ systems) and biochemistry (the molecular level), the cytological (cellular level) of muscle functioning and its bioenergetics was singled out. We believe that today a significant amount of scientific information has already been accumulated regarding the characteristics of the cellular level of muscle activity. The problems considered in the work go beyond the scope of biochemistry and physiology, therefore the need to separate a new scientific and educational field – the cytology of physical activity has already matured. Therefore, studying the process of formation and development of the specified field of knowledge is a relevant problem of the modern history of science, biology, medicine and sports. We have defined the chosen topic as the goal of a review study. The literature search was carried out based on keywords in the electronic databases PubMed and SPORTDiscus.

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